The Egocentric Renaissance Movement - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 792 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/06/14 Category Art Essay Level High school Tags: Renaissance Essay Did you like this example? The Renaissance was a time of innovation and renewal, which brought brand new ideas and inventions across Europe. The Renaissance shifted humanitys worldview toward egocentricity and human-centeredness as opposed to the more apostolic lives they had lead previously. However, such a great shift can only take place slowly over a long period of time. Hence, the time frame of the Renaissance lasting from around the 1300s to about the 1600s in the continent of Europe. As stated above, religion, although still preeminent today, was additionally prominent before the Renaissance. Art strayed off from the religious-centered themes they had before beginning with paintings of religious scenes on a neo-classical background. The artists began to paint wealthy civilians or famous people of the time instead of Biblical images, such as the Mona Lisa; the wife of a wealthy Florentine merchant (Doc A). Making it clear that it wasnt just wealthy priests who added to the artistic flowering of the Renaissance by paying for extravagant religious murals on church walls but wealthy patrons as well. This artistic flowering helped transition art to reflect the ideas of humanism. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Egocentric Renaissance Movement" essay for you Create order At the start of the Renaissance and before the popularization of humanism, the Catholic Church would often exploit their authority by competing against Italian princes for more political power, fighting in wars against secular rulers to protect Papal states and, even plot against any monarch who tried to gain control of the church within the Churchrs lands. Along with that, all priests had luxurious lives and would increase fees for services such as marriages and baptisms and sell indulgences, a reduction of the temporary punishment in purgatory still due for ones sins, to maintain them. Their abuses angered the civilians, and with the Renaissance just kicking into gear John Wycliffe, although an English priest, organized an attack against the Church using his sermons and writings to call for change in Church authority. This was the first of many revolts against the church and one of the many components of the change from societyrs church-centered views into more of an egocentric view, while the ideas of humanism were still slowly being introduced. Humanism refers to the belief that humanity was of a higher importance than that of spiritual or religious affairs. One great example is when in the play Hamlet, written by William Shakespeare in 1601, he declares that men were in apprehension . like a god putting man at the same level as a god while he continues to explain how astonishing mankind is (Doc B). The ideals of Humanism began to appear all across Europe in the forms of literature and art such as Raphaelrs School of Athens, a painting depicting great thinkers of the past. However, Raphael included himself and other thinkers of his time into the painting, revealing how highly they viewed themselves as to put themselves among the legendary greats. As time went on art became more detailed and show ed more emotion to adapt to the views of humanism and reflect the greatness of humanity with exact precision (Doc A). They would paint a famous figure from society to show the interest in individual achievement due to humanism. Although not considered art there was another drawing made in the 1500s with minimal detail but meaning. This drawing is Nicolaus Copernicus Heliocentric diagram of the universe, for unlike Ptolemyrs previous Geocentric diagram, Copernicus added no place for God and Heaven into his drawing. Next, to the major developments in art, there were also many other achievements during the Renaissance especially in the field of science and education due to the effects of humanism. In the Middle Ages, more than 85% of the population were serfs, peasant farmers who worked for a lord and his estate. The majority of which were illiterate, but when the 1300rs rolled around they improved their farming techniques and became more self-sufficient, freeing themselves from their lords and taking up trades. This caused more worldwide education and with that people began to question the church and founded humanism. Humanism then gained more momentum with the invention of the printing press in the mid-1400rs. With all that being said I believed it is clear that it was due to the improvement in education that everyoners views shifted in newer directions other than the religious focused lives they were forced to live before. This change of humanitys worldview from religion center to egocentric and human-centered shaped the Renaissance. It brought Europe out of the dark ages and into a new light. It caused the creation of humanism, a shift from the church being of main importance in life, and many advancements which are still used today. Without the Renaissance to change mankinds view of the world, we wouldnt be living in the same world today.

Major Civil War Battles and Their Consequences

Business Law - 2695 Words

Case study: David Jones Ltd v Willis (1934) 52 CLR pages 110 till 133. This case has created controversy among the Courts and such justices as Rich, Starke and Dixon. They all have different but similar decisions, relating to The Sales of Goods Act 1923(C ¡Ã‚ ¦th). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Summary This case deals with the defendant David Jones Ltd versus Willis the plaintiff, on the appeal from the supreme court of New South Wales. The case is related to The Sales of Goods Act 1923(C ¡Ã‚ ¦th). In the case the plaintiff purchased a pair of shoes from the defendant David Jones, a retail distributor of footwear not manufactured by it. On the third occasion of wearing the shoes the heel came off while the plaintiff was walking down the†¦show more content†¦As the sale was a consumer sale, the parties cannot exclude or restrict the operation of section 18; correspondence with description; 19 merchantable quality and fitness for purpose and 20 correspondence with sample. Under The Sales of Goods Act the following warranties and conditions apply to the case: „Xnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;An implied condition of correspondence with description. (Legislation, N.S.W, section 18) A sale by description is an implied condition that the goods must correspond with their description. The goods are of a description which it is in the course of the seller ¡Ã‚ ¦s business to supply, whether he is the manufacturer or not. Even where goods are sold by brand name, or where the buyer is buying things on display, there can be a sale by description. The goods are in the course of the sellers business to sell as David Jones has a shoe department, with trained staff to assist their customers in purchasing shoes. Even though they are not the manufacture of the shoes, the legislation still applies. Its is not known if the shoes were of brand name, however David Jones is known to sell shoes of expensive known brand names, and if the sales representative picked the shoes from the display shelve, it would have been classified as a sales by description. However according to Justice Rich, it is not a sale by description as the term the plaintiffShow MoreRelatedBusiness Law And Ethics : Backoffice Business Brief1862 Words   |  8 Pages Running head: BACKOFFICE BUSINESS BRIEF 1 Business Law and Ethics BackOffice Business Brief Patten University BACKOFFICE BUSINESS BRIEF 2 Constitutional Rights and Guarantees BackOffice is a new startup business that will provide potential clients with an application (app) that woul d automate certain business functions. BackOffice will be selling the app to certain business clients that will use it to facilitate their customers’ transactions. 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The Legal Drinking Age Should Be Abolished - 1634 Words

Legality and Liquor: A Balancing Act Laws surrounding alcohol use and consumption in the United States all stem from one major root: the Prohibition Era of the 1920s. The Prohibition Era lasted almost thirteen years and banned the production, the distribution, and the sale of alcohol. In 1933, the Prohibition Act was repealed and states designated their own legal drinking age. In 1984 the National Minimum Drinking Age act was passed and raised the drinking age in the United States to twenty-one. This law caused uproar in states that had declared the minimum drinking age to be eighteen. Alcohol consumption is a major factor in cultural and social matters and the National Minimum Drinking Age has affected everybody. This law is unjust†¦show more content†¦Alcohol has had a long history with amendments and ratifications. Some of the most notable amendments related to drinking are the eighteenth and the twenty-first amendments. The eighteenth amendment was based off prohibition and essentially banned alcohol from the United States. Antecedently, the twenty-first amendment repealed the eighteenth amendment. This left the states open to choose a legal drinking age; all of the states decided upon ages no less than eighteen and no greater than twenty-one. There is another pressing moral dilemma surrounding the National Minimum Drinking Age act. President Reagan, who signed the act recommended that, â€Å"All states should raise their drinking age to twenty-one, lest they lose a percentage of federal highway dollars† (Choose Responsibility). This was a not so subtle threat to the states. If the states did not change their legal drinking ages to twenty-one their highway funding would be cut, causing major problems with untended roads and ironically reducing roadway safety. It proved an effective threat as all the states adapted over to this law to avoid losing funding. This threat is a gross injustice of the National Minimum Drinking Age act, which is tied in with ex-post facto laws. Eighteen year olds hit a constitutional jackpot with their rights on their birthday, but they lack one very noticeable right: the right to possess and consume

The Way Employee Union Are Organized in Malaysia Free Essays

string(107) " is the particular trade union must be representing of themselves only and not representing of the others\." INTRODUCTION In the eye of history, Malaysian industrial relations undergo some valuable changes with the expanding European capitalism through Industrial Revolution from the early sixteenth century. Various parts of what is now Malaysia came under British rule some time during the nineteenth century. Then, the emergence of Malaysian industrial relations is also associated with immigrant laborers and British colonialism. We will write a custom essay sample on The Way Employee Union Are Organized in Malaysia or any similar topic only for you Order Now Basically, industrial relations is known as relationship between employee, labour or employment. Industrial relations is not related to the relationships between one industry to another at all. And industrial relations in the public sector yet is referring to the relationship between the government and the public sector’s employees. The employer referred to in the public sector is the government which the employee will be under the power of them. As far as Malaysian industrial relations is concerned, the term public sector refers to the public services and to statutory authorities. Therefore, the term â€Å"public sector† refer to the federal and state government services, and to the federal and state statutory and local authorities. This government has been divided into few levels which is federal government (Ministry of Human Resource), federal statutory authorities (MARA), state statutory authorities ( Jabatan Agama Islam Johor) and also the local authorities (Majlis Daerah Segamat Selatan). We can see the differences between the public sector and those in private sector. The public sector has their own uniqueness which can be seen in few perpectives regarding to the principles underlying the systems, the parties involved, the way employees’ unions are organised, the way employees are grouped and also the machineries cater for industrial relations in the public sector. First of all, the public sector seems to be unique because of the principles underlying in industrial relations. The principles underlying in both public and private sectors are different at all. In Sec 52 of IRA stated that Parts 2, 3, 4 and 6 shall not apply to any public sectors since these parts are only been applied to the private sector. The principles involved are the trade unionism, recognition, collective bargaining and dispute settlements respectively. The trade union basically is an association or combination whether for employers and the employees too. The trade union is playing oles for protect the rights of workers by doing the collective bargaining to the employers. Before that, that particular trade union have to be recognized first to ensure that the collective bargaining may be successfully been achieved. The IRA requires that the union be recognized by the employer as the proper representative of those employees; in other words: the Act makes union recognition a ne cessary prerequisite to collective bargaining. Besides, regarding the collective bargaining, it is the principal means of improving the terms and conditions of employment of employees and thereby promoting their economic welfare. In contrast, all of these things are not applied to those public sector. And the largest employer in the public sector is represented by the federal government. Even the public sector has no collective bargaining and so on those the employer, employees and their trade unions also the government will sit together. This is based on the tripartite system which has been applied to this country. This tripartite system are made up of three parties which are the employer, employee and the government. There will be discussions made between them to resolve any disputes that arise among them This means the decision does not made by unilaterally; by the management on behalf of the employer without any interference by workers and the other parties. Next, the most unique characteristic that can be seen in Malaysian industrial relation system is the party involvement in the system. As we can see, Malaysia has allocated two areas in the employment sector, which is the public sector and private sector. It is important to differentiate between these two sectors. What is mean by the public sector actually? Public sector here refers to the Public Services as well as to Statutory Authorities. Statutory Authority in the other hand means a body established, appointed or constituted by any written law, whether federal or state, including a local authority. Thus, public sector is the largest sector in which the government acts as the employer of all civil servants. In addition, trade unions in the public sector are permitted to organize unions per ministry, department, profession or activity, as well as to join federations. Employees in statutory bodies (such as ports and the Employees’ Provident Fund) are only authorized to join internal trade unions, which, in turn, may join the Civil Service Federation and the national trade union centre. Employees working for the defense sector, police force or prisons do not have the right to form or join trade unions. Then, there is no employer union in public sector as the federal, state governments and local authorities are said to act as the employer. Therefore, the government doesn’t need to form any union to represent themselves. Other than public sector, Malaysian also allocated the other areas for the servant whom is not in public sector which named private sector. This private sector servant usually involved the workers whom are working under their own employers. One of the biggest examples of jobs in this sector is from the banking sector. On the top of that, these private sectors have a little immunity that allowed the employers and the employees to form their union as the medium to protect their right. In fact, the union was also established to facilitate consultation and discussion for both sides. This is also help to communicate and understand each other well and ensure a conducive working environment as well as to avoid problem occurs. Moreover, the advantage of private sector unions is that they can carry out collective bargaining to voice their demands. The third uniqueness characteristic of public sector industrial relations in Malaysia is the ways employees are organized. What means here is the particular trade union must be representing of themselves only and not representing of the others. You read "The Way Employee Union Are Organized in Malaysia" in category "Papers" For example, regarding on the blue collar union and white collar union. Those in blue collar union can only represent for the blue collar union and those in white collar union can only represent for the white collar union . And the most important thing here is the employee unions in the public sector are organizing along ministry or department or occupation or statutory authority lines or local authority lines. It is because they want to determine the shape and nature of the public goods and services, which the members deliver so that workers and the communities they serve can see that the union is relevant to the needs of a changing world. It is good for the interests of all workers and the people who use their services and has a vision of the future, which ensures the centrality of unions in that future. The employees cannot join the trade union and also be an executive in another trade union. According to Oxford Dictionary, the term ministry is a government department headed by a minister. This means that a minister will heads every ministry. As in Malaysia we are headed by our respectful Prime Minister Y. A. B. DATO’ SRI MOHD. NAJIB BIN TUN HAJI ABDUL RAZAK which he is also the minister in Ministry of Finance. Besides, Our Deputy Prime Minister Y. A. B. TAN SRI DATO’ HAJI MUHYIDDIN BIN MOHD. YASSIN also is the minister in Ministry in Education. Examples of Ministry in Malaysia are Ministry of Human Recourse, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Defense etc. Basically we have 24 of ministry after the last reshuffle in 2009. The employee unions in the public sector are organizing by ministry because they have different services to be served for the public. For example, The Ministry of Health’s role is basically to lay the policy and the direction of health services in the country also to enforce regulations and be the regulator. The Ministry of Health does not have the same service to the other ministries like the Ministry of Higher Education. Thus, employees in the Ministry of Health cannot join the trade union of the Ministry of Higher Education. The employee unions in the public sector are also organizing by department. Every ministry will have their own departments. For example in Ministry of Defence, they have development department, administration department, policy department, national service department etc. Each department been leaded by different persons. They might be in the same ministry but they have different tasks and responsibilities to carry out but still have to communicate to each other even they are not in the same department. However, if they want to form a trade union, they must form according to their department because of their different works Next is they are organizing by occupation. If they are in the same department that does not mean that, they have the same job. For example, in Ministry of Health, they have medical department and in medical department, they have another small department, which are the development of medical department, the practise of medical department, the allied health science department, the telehealth department and the nursing department. The practise of medical department, which are the doctors, and the nursing department, which are the nurses, cannot forming the same trade union. The doctors will form their own trade union and cannot join the nurses’ trade union and vice versa. They are also organizing by statutory authority. According to Trade Union Act â€Å"statutory authority† means any authority or body established, appointed or constituted by any written law, and includes any local authority. Example of statutory authority is ATTORNEY-GENERAL’S CHAMBERS, CENTRAL BANK OF MALAYSIA, FEDERAL LAND DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (FELDA), NATIONAL PRODUCTIVITY CORPORATION (NPC), TELEKOM MALAYSIA BERHAD etc. They must form their own trade union and cannot join another statutory authority trade union. For example, TELEKOM MALAYSIA BERHAD workers cannot join FEDERAL LAND DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (FELDA) trade union because they have completely different work and an employee of a statutory authority can only join and been accepted as a member by a trade union whose membership is confined exclusively to employees of that particular statutory authority. They are also organizing by local authority. A local authority is an organization that is officially responsible for all the public services and facilities in a particular area. An employee of a local authority can only join or been accepted as a member by a trade union whose membership is confined exclusively to employees of one or more local authorities. There are four types of local government in this country who are prepared according to the hierarchy is The city also known as City Hall or the City Council, City also known as the Municipal Council, Rural areas also known as the District Council, Special area also known as the Corporation or Local Authority. Example workers in City (Municipal Council) cannot join trade union in Special area. The Fourth uniqueness characteristic of public sector industrial relations in Malaysia is the ways employees are grouped. The employees in the public sector may group themselves in union or in associations and still enjoy any of the benefits of union representation. This mean that the public workers can get any benefits of union representation even the public workers not joining the union. For the example, a teacher will get the salary increases in that year as decided by the government although the teacher is not a member of National Union of the Teaching Profession in Malaysia (NUTP). All the bargaining are discussed at the national level between the government with Congress of Employees in the Public and Civil Services (CUEPACS). Since the government is the employer of the public workers all of the decision is depends on the government budget. In contrast, in private sector, those who are not joining the trade union, thus will not get any benefits given to that particular trade union. For example, any benefits given to the Petronas Employers Union will not be given to any employers of Petronas who are not joining the trade union. Here we can see the advantages if those in the private sector are joining in the trade union since they will know their interest towards their job. They will know what their rights should get from the employers and the company itself, they can bargain more such as for the wages and also better working conditions. It is good for them to know their rights as well since they can make sure that their employer does not suppress their workers’ rights. But in the same time, there will be some disadvantages to be in the private sector rather than those in public sector since the public workers may get the benefits whether ther are or they are not joining the trade union. Finally, finally yet importantly, the uniqueness of industrial relations in Malaysian public sector is the machineries that cater for industrial relation in public sector. In fact, these machineries in the public sector is unique and has no equivalent in the private sector. Thus, the following are the list of the machineries which are the first one is Salaries Commission and Salaries Committees. Then, it is followed by The Public Service Department, the Public Service Tribunal and last but not least, The Joint Councils. All these machineries have their roles in order to ensure the systematic structured in the public sector. Salaries Commission and Salaries Committees are appointed by the federal government and are necessary for the review of salaries and related conditions and these series of ad hoc commissions was kept on established since 1960s. The establishment of this commission is needed as they are also review working conditions and workers work as a whole or part of the public sector. Other than that, they are also assigned to make recommendations on those matters. In 1992 for example, the Special Committee of the Cabinet on Salaries makes the recommendations for the public sector and was known as New Remuneration Scheme and it has been renewed with the name Malaysian Remuneration Scheme in year 2002. Under this system, the employees got numbers of benefits such as paternity leave was introduced. . Thus, the reports from these two commissions will then be submitted to government and it is up to the government side, whether to accept or reject it. In fact, there is no legal obligation on the government to appoint such commissions or committees periodically, not to accept the recommendations made by them. If these recommendations submitted by them are not accepted by the government, then their recommendation will not be implemented. However, if these reports are being accepted by the government, then the recommendations will be implemented by the Public Service Department, which is also one of the important federal agencies in Malaysia. **** Next, move on the discussion on the matter of the Public Service Department (PSD) which is led by the Director General of Public Service. The PSD is organized along division lines in which there are eight divisions altogether as following divisions. The first one is recruitment division, and being followed by service division, training and career development division, wages and allowances division, pension division, negotiations division, The National Institute of Public Administration (Institut Tadbiran Awam Negara-INTAN) and finally the administration division. Each of this division has their own roles and function as for example the Service Division that formulates and implements personnel policies in the public services. These policies in addition cover such areas as the recruitment, confirmation, dismissal and re-employed of public service employees. Thus, this division also conducts all public service examinations, and it maintains the Government Staff Records Centre. Back to the main point, the Public Sector Department also acted as the human resources of the federal government and taking care only for the servant in the public sector. Besides, as being said above, the main function of PSD is to put into action on the accepted recommendations by the Salaries Commissions and Salaries Committee and thus, they are also responsible for all the implementation in the public sector includes supervise the National Joint Councils. Other than that, it is also functioned to negotiate any anomaly arising from the implementation of these recommendations with any public sector employees who is affected by it or with any organization of public sector employees whose members are affected by it. In short, the Public Service Department is responsible in initiating and also administrating personnel policies in all departments in which covered the public services employees too, from their recruitment until their retirement. ***** The Joint Councils (JCs) is machinery that is being modified from the Whitley Council machinery of the United Kingdom which was established in 1953. The Joint Councils is divided by two level which are the National Joint Councils and the Departmental Joint Councils. The National Joint Councils aim is to provide a body to establish communication through discussion between employers concerned and the government. It also constitute three councils which are one council for those in the Managerial and Professional Group and the other two councils are for employees in the Support Group. This councils are not available for Polices Forces, Armed Forces, Senior Managerial roup and public servants where the New Remuneration System (Sistem Saraan Baru-SSB) and Malaysian Remuneration System (Sistem Saraan Malaysia-SSM) does not apply. In the other side, the Department Joint Councils as well have it aim and functioned. This council provides a machinery to address any questions regarding work conditions and also obtain the views from the employees. It is also served for consultation between representatives of the ministry or department or statutory authority or local authority apprehensive and representatives of that ministry. ***** Finally, last but not least, the machinery that being use as a cater in the public sector is The Public Service Tribunal. The Public Service Tribunal was established in 1977 and it is to settle any dispute in regards to anomalies in the implementation of the recommendations by various Salaries Commission and Salaries Committees in which usually covered the issues regarding salaries and condition of service. Instead of that, any anomalies that come out will first referred to the Public Service Department (PSD). Once the Public Service Department rejected the claim, then the appeal can be made to the tribunal. The tribunal consists of a chairman and a panel of persons who have experiences and knowledge in matters of administration and was appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. However, this tribunal is being abolished in the year 2000 because the new approaches has already taken over and the new system will have a wider appeal. CONCLUSION As the conclusion, based on few perspectives that we have seen in comparing between both in public sector and private sector, the public sector seems to have their own uniqueness rather than the private sector. They are unique regarding to what has been applied to them regarding to the principles underlying the systems, the parties involved, the way employees’ unions are organised, the way employees are grouped and also the machineries cater for industrial relations in the public sector. Since the public sector have only one centered employer which is the government, thus the management of the public sector seems to be well-managed and well-organised rather than those in private sector which they have so many employers with different way of organizing their company at all. On the other hand, people works in the public sector also somehow get benefits than those working in private sector when everyone get the same things whether they are joining the trade union or not. REFERENCES )Wu Min Aun, (1982) Industrial Relations Law of Malaysia, page xviii, Heinemann Educational Books (LTD) 2)Dunston Ayadurai ,(2004) Industrial Relation in Malaysia Law and Practice, Third Edition 3)Maimunah Aminuddin,(1949), Malaysian Industrial Relations Employment Law, Sixth Edition, page 6, Malaysia, MC GRAW HILL EDUCATION. 4)http://mgv. mim. edu. my/MMR/9004/900405. Htm retrieved june12,2011 5)http://survey07. ituc-csi. org/getcountry. php? IDCountry=MYS=EN 6) Zanko,M, (2002) ,The handboo k of human resource management policies and practices in Asia-Pacific economies, United Kingdom, Edward Elgar Publishing. )Mumtaj Hasan, Harlida Abdul Wahab, (2003), Undang-Undang Pekerja Untuk Pengurus, Pahang, Malaysia, PTS Publication Distributors Sdn. Bhd. 8)http://www. worldpsi. org/TemplateEn. cfm? Section=PSI_publications=2126=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay. cfm 9)http://www. pmo. gov. my/? menu=cabinet=1797 10)http://www. mod. gov. my/ 11)2006-2007), The constitutional role of the Attorney General, Great Britain, Parliament: House of Commons: Constitutional Affairs Committee 12)http://www. moh. gov. my/ 13)http://www. malaysia-food-beverage. com/government. htm 14)http://mgv. mim. du. my/MMR/9004/900405. Htm 15)http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Local_government_in_Malaysia 16)Parenti, M, (2010), Democracy for the Few, Singapore, Cengage Learning. 17) 1920), National Lumberman, Commercial Journal Co. 18) http://www. unioncimb. org. my/home/news/TheFutureoftheTUMovementinMsia -CIMBConferenceArticle. pdf 19)http://mgv. mim. edu. my/MMR/9004/900405. Htm 20)Bowling, A. , (1981), Delegation in General Practice, United Kingdom, Routledge 21)(1989), Trade Union Act 1959 and Regulations Details on Trade Union Act 1959, Amendment with Index and Cases, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, MDC Sdn. 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Traditional and Modern Instructional Materials free essay sample

Learning English grammar encompasses a wide range and time of study. It is not easy for a single student to learn this sort of subject. However, there are several instructional materials that can be used in learning English Grammar, and these are- Traditional and Modern instructional materials. Some people say that learning can be learned through the use of visual- aids and as a matter of fact, 75% of learning can be acquired through the sense of sight. Nowadays, students are very much particular when it comes to the teacher’s visual- aids. Sometimes, they find the discussion boring if the teacher didn’t provide their visual- aids. People learn in different ways. Some people are extraordinarily good at retaining information fed to them orally and others absorb and retain a great deal of information that they’ve read. Others need visuals stimulants or cues to facilitate learning. Repetition works for a lot of person as well. Most people however require a combination of the above methods and so as instructional material- which can encompass audio visual materials, book, and even practical application- are excellent aids for assuring that students have best possible opportunity to retain the information being given to them. On the other hand, in the field of learning English grammar, how these instructional materials affect the learner’s knowledge? Traditional instructional materials are the materials traditionally used by the teachers to their students in teaching their lessons. It includes the use of textbook, chalk, board, marker, charts and flash cards. These are the common materials that help the teachers to explain the lesson clearly. In teaching English grammar using these kinds of materials, the lesson is more understandable because the teacher can explain the target lesson clearly through the use of different writing and pointing materials. The different grammatical rules and even the concepts can be easily explained. On the other side, Modern Instructional Materials like overhead projectors, slideshows, videos, and different presentation software are resources of the teachers that are more modernized and high- technology than the traditional one. It includes how a specific topic is discuss comfortably and interesting. Learning English grammar through this sort of materials is preferable to the learners that are bored on traditional visual- aids. Instructional materials play significant roles in the teaching and learning process. Instructional material management is a crucial component of the entire classroom control and management, this is because the excitement usually generated but the introduction of instructional material can generate a lot of noise, undue movement of students, chairs and tables but make the student participate. The instructional materials and aid are used to supplement and complement the teacher verbal effort. One of the major problems of student today is their weakness in English grammar. There are a number of students that find English hard so grammar for them is not easy to be learned. Some are having their online tutorials, others are personal tutors but, still, grammar is hard for them. Fourth year students of Pag- asa National High School are experiencing this kind of problem so, the researchers conducted a research observation about how instructional materials affect their learning in English grammar. Statement of the Problem This study aims to find out the effect of instructional materials in the learning of English grammar of the fourth year students of Pag-asa National High School S. Y. 2013- 2014. Specifically, this study sought to answer the following research questions: What are the effects of traditional instructional materials in learning English grammar? Charts Flashcards Graphs Hand- outs Boardwork What are the effects of modern instructional materials in learning English grammar? Overhead projectors Presentation softwares Slideshows Videos E- library Is there any significant difference between Traditional and Modern Instructional materials in learning English grammar? Statement of the Hypothesis There is no significant difference between the Traditional Instructional Materials and Modern Instructional Materials in the learning of English grammar of fourth year students of Pag-asa National High School S. Y. 2013- 2014. There is no significant relationship between the instructional materials and learning English grammar. Scope and Limitation of the Study This study focused mainly on the instructional materials- the traditional and modern which are being used in the teaching and its effect in the learning of English grammar of the fourth year students of Pag- asa National High School S. Y. 2013- 2014. Section No. of Respondents Population Test-retest Sample Population Gemini 39 2 27 Pisces 45 3 32 Sagittarius 48 3 34 Virgo 38 2 27 Total 170 10 120 Significance of the Study The importance of this study is to know the grammar rules and vocabulary in the target language using the modern and traditional instructional materials to the fourth year students of Pag-asa National High School. This study will also help students to see how these teaching instructional materials affect their learning about English grammar. This study will serve as their guide to know the preferred materials by the students that will provoke the interest of the learners. To the students, the use of instructional materials in learning English grammar will act as a motivating factor for them to put their interest in English language classes. To the community of teachers in the country, the result of these studies can help them determine which type of instructional materials is more effective in teaching English grammar. Lastly, to future researchers who have interest in studying factors that affect English grammar, this study can serve as related literature for further studies. Definition of Terms For purpose of this investigation, the following words are defined and explained. These definitions are the operational meanings of the terms as they are used in this study. Charts- a graphical representation of data, which the data is represented by symbols, such as bars in a bar chart, lines in a line chart, or a slices in a pie chart. Electronic Learning- a system of electronic media and information and communication technologies. Electronic Library- a digital collection of stored electronic media formats accessible via computers. Flashcards- a set of card bearing information as word or numbers, on either both side used in classroom drills or private study. Graphs- are theoretical representation of a set of objects where some pairs of the object are connected by links. Handouts- refer to materials handed out for presentation purposes or to add charitable gift among other things. Instructional materials- are kind of tools or equipment can help effectively the instructor in teaching. Objects and models- are three dimensional representations of concepts that students are learning. Overhead projectors- a very basic reliable form of projector, it displays image onto a screen or wall. Presentation software- sometimes called â€Å"presentation graphics† is a category of application program. Slide shows- use to create sequences of words and pictures that tell a story or help support a speech or public presentation of information. Videos- are the technologies of electronically capturing, recording, processing, storing, transmitting and reconstructing a sequence of still images representing scenes in motion. Theoretical Framework As in need to give a clear view about the effectiveness of instructional materials in the field of learning English Grammar, some theories were searched. These theories are related to the topic of this research for it focuses in instructional materials. In fact, as stated in these theories, different teachers show how they used different technologies as well as textbooks while they are teaching their students. Some theories have been designed to provide guidelines intended to assist in the presentation of information in a manner that encourages learner activities that optimize intellectual performance. Robert Smith, et al. (2009), Differentiated instruction theory as cited in Different Instruction in Schools, is the process of ensuring that a student learns, how he/ she learns the lesson, and how does the students demonstrate what he/ she has learned is much for that students’ readiness level, interest and referred mode of learning through research paper, roleplay, podcast, diagram, poster, etc. This theory is a key to differentiation on finding how students learn and displays their learning that meets their specific needs with the use of differentiated instruction. Smith’s theory has a relevance to the present study because the use of different instructional materials play an important role in the student’s learning process. Both study has a great contribution to the learners. Brian Timmons teaches Translation and Editing of Text (2008) at Bergenfield High School in Bergenfield, New Jersey. He cited, â€Å"The most beneficial workshop I attended on Translation was a Conference on Theory of Independent Study offered by the College Board. While we only briefly address the implementation of technology in our courses, the instructor, Richard Zweier, was very tech-savvy and utilizes a laptop and projector with a multimedia presentation for our class. Technology is a wonderful way to differentiate instruction. Using ear training software, such as, Australia, allows students to move independently at their own pace while still benefiting from the coaching of the teacher. † This theory ascertains that the use of information and communication technologies helps the students to work independently when it comes to text translation. Cognitive load theory (Dosher 2008) as cited in Dynamics of Cognitive Load Theory is a theoretical notion with an increasingly central role in the educational research literature. The basic idea of cognitive load theory is that cognitive capacity in working memory is limited, so that if a learning task requires too much capacity, learning will be hampered. This theory proves the direct relationship between cognitive memory and cognitive knowledge as stated in its role in educational research literature. The theory can also become a basis in relation to lesson load in teaching literature accompanied with discussions in grammar. Intrinsic cognitive load (Bannert 2006; Sweller et al. ) load relates to the difficulty of the subject matter. More speci? cally, material that contains a large number of interactive elements is regarded as more difficult than material with a smaller number of elements and/or with a low interactivity. Low interactivity material consists of single, simple, elements that can be learned in isolation, whereas in high interactivity material individual elements can only be well understood in relation to other elements give the example of a vocabulary where individual words can be learned independently of each other as an instance of low interactivity material, and grammatical syntax or the functioning of an electrical circuit as examples of high interactivity material. This implies that regardless of what instructional strategy, methods and strategies to be used in achieving linguistic competency, the biggest factor is still attributed on the level of difficulty of the lesson. Conceptual Framework IVDV Figure 1. Hypothesized Relationship Between Variables Figure 1. Paradigm of the Independent and Dependent Variables on the effects of traditional and modern instructional in learning English grammar of the senior students of Pag- asa National High School CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This chapter presents related literature and studies which were reviewed by the researcher as they may pose similarities, differences and impact in the present study. Foreign Literature Rezvani (2011) aimed to investigate on the effectiveness of using web and print-based materials in teaching grammar to Iranian EFL learners. In his study entitled â€Å"On the Effectiveness of Using Web and Print-based Materials in Teaching Grammar to Iranian EFL Learners, he found out that integration of web-based materials in the EFL classrooms (at least as supplement to print-based materials) can help motivate and enhance learner’s mastery of English grammar. The study has implications for EFL practitioners and materials developers. The study shows a direct relationship between traditional and modern instructional materials as both web and print-based materials in teaching grammar used for the Iranian students are both considered as traditional and modern instructional materials. In addition to this, like the Iranian, it is most likely for the Filipino students to perceive the same result for the two countries are reasonably having a different lingua franca or mother tongue compare to Americans. According to Khezerlou (2010), results of his study entitled Prospective English language Teachers’ views on Computer and Paper-based Instructional Materials in Developing Language Component indicated no significant correlation between participants’ knowledge of computers and their opinions, but statistically significant relationship was found between gender and their opinions. In his study, participants were asked to decide to what degree computer and paper-based materials differed in language learning and teaching components, namely, vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation and intonation, listening, reading, speaking, writing, literature, target culture, pragmatics, general knowledge, learning strategies and styles, and creating a positive classroom atmosphere. His study only gives emphasis on the theory of individual differences by which it was mentioned that the respondents’ gender and opinions varies with each other and is directly proportional to Teachers’ views on Computer and Paper-based Instructional Materials in Developing Language Component. Considering this fact, facilitators should highly consider their students’ individual preference when it comes to teaching strategy, methods and even instructional materials whether web-based or paper-based. Post, et al. (June 2013) on his study entitled â€Å"Effects of Simultaneously Observing and Making Gestures while studying Grammar Animations on Cognitive Load and Learning† examined whether gestures facilitate grammar acquisition from animations. In contrast to the study’s hypothesis, results showed that children in the gesturing condition performed worse on the posttest than children in the non-gesturing, control condition. A more detailed analysis of the data revealed an expertise reversal effect, indicating that this negative effect on posttest performance materialized for children with lower levels of general language skills, but not for children with higher levels of general language skills. The finding that for children with lower language ability, cognitive load did not decrease as they saw more animations provided additional support for this expertise reversal effect. Post’s study conclude that simultaneously observing and making gestures hindered grammar learning because children with lower language skills had to invest more mental effort which makes them left behind by children trained with higher order skills. The use of gestures in teaching grammar is equivalent to the fiber by fiber discussion of the teacher in a sample class or what they call, a teacher-centered strategy. Similarly, it also connotes the same idea of mixing the use of modern instructional materials (animations) and traditional instructional materials (gestures) may have imposed extraneous cognitive load on the lower ability children, which they could not accommodate together with the relatively high intrinsic load imposed by the learning task. Sanchez (August 2013) study entitled â€Å"Using Online Measures to Determine How Learners Process Instructional Explanations† examine the mechanisms underlying a strategy that teachers’ developed to make instructional explanations effective. In two experiments participants learned about word transcription from a multimedia material, including adjunct explanations that revised common misunderstandings. These explanations were either marked (including a device that pointed out the misunderstanding that the explanation was intended to revise) or unmarked. In both experiments participants receiving marked revising explanations outperformed those receiving unmarked ones in retention and transfer. In Experiment 1, think-aloud protocols revealed that marked revising explanations enabled learners to detect and repair flaws in their understanding more frequently than unmarked explanations. In Experiment 2, time recordings revealed that participants in the marked condition spent more time processing the revising explanations. Overall, the results mean that the revising instructional explanations that point out learners misunderstandings promote a revision-oriented processing, in which learners monitor and revise their own understanding. The mentioned study above focused on the instructional explanations used in teaching word transcription with the use of multimedia materials. This shows that with the use of ICT as a means of teaching, accompaniment of instructional explanations are still needed to trigger extensive learning. When explanations do so, learners use them as a basis for revising understanding. Revising understanding leads to fewer distortions and better retention and transfer. Pae’s (2011) study entitled â€Å"Examining the effects of differential instructional methods on the model of foreign language achievement† highlights the purpose of the study which is to examine the effects of differential instructional methods on the relationships between intrinsic and extrinsic motivations (IM and EM, respectively), self-confidence, motivation, and English as a foreign language (EFL) achievement for a sample of Korean university students and their teachers. To this end, two instructional groups, communicative and conventional, were selected based on the agreed judgment of both the teachers and their students. The study results showed that EM was related to EFL achievement through motivation regardless of the teachers communicative orientations, whereas IM showed a relation to EFL achievement through motivation and self-confidence only in a classroom promoting communicative approach of language teaching. These results provided empirical evidence for the effects of differential instructional methods moderated on the structural relationships between SDT variables, self-confidence, motivation, and EFL achievement. The implications of these findings in relation to the EFL classroom are also presented. Pae’s study focuses high on motivations: intrinsic motivations and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation showed a relation to EFL achievement through motivation and self-confidence only in a classroom promoting communicative approach of language teaching. Extrinsic motivation was related to EFL achievement through motivation regardless of the teachers communicative orientations. Extrinsic motivation showed a significant, positive, direct association with motivation but an insignificant relation with self-confidence regardless of the teachers communicative orientations. The use of motivation also depends on the type of instructional materials to be used in teaching. Foreign Studies Wang Smith (2013), Reading and Grammar Learning through Mobile Phones describes an ongoing language-learning project, three years into its development. â€Å"We examine both the feasibility and the limitations of developing English reading and grammar skills through the interface of mobile phones. † Throughout the project, reading and grammar materials were regularly sent to students’ mobile phones. Smith’s study discusses how students learn reading and grammar with the use of mobile phones. Students read or took part in any aspect of the materials that appealed to them. Information gathered from participants and server logs indicate that reading and learning grammar using mobile devices is regarded as a positive language experience. Dean (2009) study about the Effectiveness of Computer-assisted Instruction (CAI) in teaching English confirmed that the use of computer-assisted instruction in teaching is effective not only in increasing academic achievements of the students but also more effective as an approach in teaching Intermediate English compare to the use of conventional or traditional teaching method. He made used the stratified random sampling and simplified random technique of one hundred fourth year students as subjects. The use of computer-assisted instruction in teaching is effective not only in increasing academic achievements of the students but also more effective as an approach in teaching English compare to the use of conventional or traditional teaching method. (Talmadge Eash, 2007) Instructional techniques are important, but the use of instructional materials also influences student achievement, use of process skills, and other outcomes. Instructional materials provide the physical media through which the intents of the curriculum are experienced. A 2007 survey conducted by the National Survey and Assessment of Instructional Materials contained data indicating that students are involved in learning activities with instructional materials more than 90 percent of the time in classrooms. The study shows that instructional materials affect the students activity inside the classroom. It was stated that students are very much aware when it comes to the teacher’s instructional devices. In many studies like the study of Lotga (2007) in United States, an experimental found that retention of information three days after a meeting or other event is six times greater when information is presented by visual and oral means than when the information is presented by the spoken words alone, approximately eighty three percent of human learning occurs visually, and the remaining 17% through the other senses- 11 studies suggest that three days after the event, people retain 10% of what they heard from the oral presentation, 35% from a visual presentation and 65% from a visual and oral presentation. The retention of information three days after a meeting or other event is six times greater when information is presented by visual and oral means than when the information is presented by the spoken words alone, approximately eighty three percent of human learning occurs visually, and the remaining 17% through the other senses. Local Literature Burhes (2009), study entitled â€Å"Efforts to improve Students’ Learning Outcomes† have suggested the need to embed the use of educational technology in a learner-centered learning environment where students construct their own meanings. In this study, video documentaries that asked students to explore problems associated with farmers’ use of ecologically unsound agricultural techniques were developed and used in a student-centered class. Their learning outcomes and experiences were compared to a group of students who studied the same topics in a teacher-centered learning environment. Results show that the improvement of the student-centered groups understanding of the problem was consistently higher than the teacher-centered group. Data on learning experiences also showed that the learner-centered learning environment tended to engage students in knowledge construction, while the teacher-centered learning environment, information absorption. Overall findings suggest that technology can change and improve the quality of learning outcomes if designed to support knowledge construction in learner-centered learning environment. Burhes’ study supports the idea of effective language learning through the use of common informational communication technologies. He suggested the need to embed educational technology in teachers’ instructional materials when a certain lesson will be learner-centered. The use of technology in learning is preferably better when the strategy to be used is learner centered rather than allowing the facilitator to explain. For example, students are already facing to their respective computers and they still need to listen to the teacher’s instructions on how to manipulate the system. In this case, children have to multitask. But, if the instructions and guidelines were all set on the computers and they only need to read it and understand, the children didn’t have to constant repetition of instruction by the teacher. Local Studies Design and Use of Instructional Materials for Student Centered Learning (Sato, 2008; Allen, 2008; Burhes, 2009). Efforts to improve students’ learning outcomes have suggested the need to embed the use of educational technology in a learner-centered learning environment where students construct their own meanings. In this study, video documentaries that asked students to explore problems associated with farmers’ use of ecologically unsound agricultural techniques were developed and used in a student-centered class. Their learning outcomes and experiences were compared to a group of students who studied the same topics in a teacher-centered learning environment. Results show that the improvement of the student-centered groups understanding of the problem was consistently higher than the teacher-centered group. Data on learning experiences also showed that the learner-centered learning environment tended to engage students in knowledge construction, while the teacher-centered learning environment, information absorption. Overall findings suggest that technology can change and improve the quality of learning outcomes if designed to support knowledge construction in learner-centered learning environment. In 2008, De La Salle University-Manila, Philippines and The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher Vol. 17 Number 1 stated that the teacher-centered approach only promotes misconceptions and inert knowledge (Schank, Berman, Macpherson, 2009; Bruer, 1994), a form of knowledge that can be called when prompted but cannot be applied in practical situations. On the other hand, the learner-centered approach, building on student’s current knowledge and abilities, enhances the development of higher-order skills such as critical thinking and problem-solving. This method enables students to acquire knowledge that transfers to novel situations. To facilitate student-centered learning, many authors suggest the use of media and technology (Wang Woo, 2007). However, in this type of learning, technologies should shift their role from being conveyors of information to a means for engaging students in thinking. More specifically, technologies should be used to pose problems to students, provide related cases and information resources, a social medium to support learning through collaboration and interaction, and intellectual partners to support learning by reflecting (Jonassen, Peck, Wilson) CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter presents the research method used in this study: research method, respondents, data gathering instrument, reliability of the instrument, data gathering procedure, and statistical analysis of data. Research Method This study deals with the effectiveness of the traditional and modern instructional materials in learning English grammar as perceived by 4th year students at Pag- asa National High School S. Y 2013-2014. The mean method was used in the study. The data was largely gathered through the use of questionnaire. Respondents of the Study The respondents of this research study are the 4th year high school students at Pag- asa National High School. There are four sections of fourth year students in the said school and their total number is 170. Table 1. List of PNHS Fourth Year Students Section No. of Respondents Population Test-retest Sample Population Gemini 39 2 27 Pisces 45 3 32 Sagittarius 48 3 34 Virgo 38 2 27 Total 170 10 120 Reliability of the Instrument To determine the reliability of the instrument, the researchers conducted a test-retest method to 10 respondents. They will give the questionnaires again to the selected students only after ten days. This is to determine whether they retain same answers in a period of time. These 10 respondents are not included into the original number of respondents. The Pearson r was used by the researcher to prove the reliability of the study. The formula is: Pearson r: r=(N(? -xy)-(? -x)(? -y))/v([N(? -x^2 )-(? -x)^2 ][N(? -y^2 )-(? -y )^2 ) ] ) Where:N = number of samples XY = product of X and Y ?-? xy=? the sum of the product of X and Y X = the scores of the first group Y = the scores of the second group ?-? x=? the sum of the scores of the first group ?-? y=? the sum of the scores of the second group Instructional Materials X Y Traditional Charts208187387443723610 Flashcards202214435041904636 Graphs205179361143273365 Hand-outs216206443345184229 Boardwork225225505951435073 TOTAL10561011213272255020913 R1. 00 Modern Overhead Projectors187180335036193378 Presentation Software209188393044813630 Slide show207220453344394908 Videos204211435642704513 E- Library214208449047144370 TOTAL10211007206592152320799 R1. 00 Table 1 Reliability of Traditional and Modern Instructional Materials Table 1 shows that both the first and second administration of the questionnaires yields the same result. Both administrations implied very high reliability mean of 1. 46 and 1. 65. Traditional Instructional Materials r=(N(? -xy)-(? -x)(? -y))/v([N(? -x^2 )-(? -x)^2 ][N(? -y^2 )-(? -y )^2 ) ] ) r= (10(21,327)-(1,056)(1,011))/(v([10(22,550)-(1,056)^2 ] ) [10(20,913)-(1,011)^2 ] ) r= (21,327-1,067,616)/v([225,500-1,115,136][209,130-1,022,121] ) r= (-854,346)/v((-889,636)(-812,991) ) r= (-854,346)/v723,266,061,276 r= (-854,346)/850,450. 5049 r= 1. 00 very high reliability Modern Instructional Materials r=(N(? -xy)-(? -x)(? -y))/v([N(? -x^2 )-(? -x)^2 ][N(? -y^2 )-(? -y )^2 ) ] ) r= (10(20,659)-(1,021)(1,007))/(v([10(21,523)-(1,021)^2 ] ) [10(20,799)-(1,007)^2 ] ) r= (206,590-1,028,147)/v([215,230-1,042,441][207,990-1,014,049] ) r= (-821,557)/v((-827,211)(-806,059) ) r= (-821,557)/v666,780,871,449 r= (-821,557)/816,566. 5138 r= 1. 00 very high reliability Research Instrument The researchers used survey questionnaire to determine the effectiveness of traditional and modern instructional materials in learning English grammar. Data Gathering The researchers developed a set of questionnaire to gather the required information. The questionnaire has two parts. The first one is PNHS student’s profile and the second one refers to kinds of instructional materials and how those affect the student’s knowledge in English grammar. The questionnaire was administered by the researcher to all fourth year students of PNHS after their request to PNHS principal and the faculty teachers. Data Gathering Procedure Researchers prepared survey questionnaires before they were distributed to the target respondents. Since some of the proponents in this research team graduated in the identified school, the research proponents wrote a letter to the English department chairs to seek permission to conduct the survey. The letter included the objective of the research and a sample questionnaire. The proponents will then conduct the survey once the department head or the college dean had approved the request. As earlier, the proponents would only involve 120 senior students from the identified institution. Data to be collected will be tallied and subjected to non parametric statistical analyses of the data, the main proponent will write the report. Some of the members of the research team will assist in the writing and editing of the final paper. Statistical Treatment for Data

Police Subculture Essay Example For Students

Police Subculture Essay The police officers as social workers. Probably, there is not as needed and demanded profession, as a profession of police officers. Always and everywhere, at any time, in any society, there is a need to maintain public order, to comply with the law, to ensure the protection of citizens. There is no such a dangerous profession as a police officers job. By risking lives, the police officers are involved in operations to capture particularly dangerous and armed criminals, in search of thieves, to reveal serious thefts. There is no such other profession where you must necessarily have a certain set of professional and personal qualities, that’s called appropriate police behavior. Of course, nobody speaks of supermen with supernatural abilities. We see such officers only in motion pictures. In real life, police officers are serious, responsible, courageous people. Police officers are professionals. In order to effectively protect the rule of law and legitimate interests of citizens, officers must detain violators of the law in society quickly, and without any risk, officers must comply with modern standards. Police officers are everywhere and always. Officers are not only in offices and posts but also in educational institutions, points of sale, stadiums, theaters, cinemas, railways and air transport, motorways, metro and other places of a mass gathering of society. Usually, representatives of police subculture have to patrol a certain area, go to the scene of the crime, and into the zone of holding certain public actions. Requirements for candidates of police subculture are quite solid. It is clear that police officers should not have a criminal record, be physically and mentally healthy. The test for physical training and passing psychological examination is compulsory. In addition, periodic submission of standards for shooting and physical training is required from police officers. The concept of police subculture. Talking about police subculture, let’s, first of all, define who police officers are. Police officers are people responsible for protecting the rules of law in society, protecting the legitimate interests of people by preventing the offense. The main task of the police officers is the protection of public order.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Officers have the right to carry out a number of actions: to check documents from a citizen, to demand from the public the observance of social norms and rules, even to detain the public on the basis of suspicion of committing a crime and deliver responsible for instance for violence to the police station. In cases stipulated by law, officers may enter the premises, use public transport belonging to organizations and individuals, and if necessary, to use special means (including firearms), etc. Police officers were ranked the fifth most stressful job in the world. Police subculture is responsible for giving officers a unique working attitude and mindset. According to Adler, Mueller, and Laufer (1994) police subculture is a set of norms and values that govern the behavior of officers, brought about by stressful working conditions plus daily interaction with an often hostile public. The police officers must possess such values as responsibility, honesty, courage, self-confidence, resistance to stress, analytical mind, general resourcefulness, quick response, strong physical form. And it is not just male officers; it can be women officers as well. Women representatives began to work in the police more than a hundred years ago. During this time, women have shown themselves as skilled workers who can protect the rule of law at the same level as men. Police subculture is a general study that teaches police officers the police behavior and the correct attitude to certain values and beliefs. Indeed, police subculture affects every citizen of our society. The most important thing of police subculture is the idea of insiders and outsiders that lies at the core of all its values. .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b , .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b .postImageUrl , .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b , .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b:hover , .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b:visited , .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b:active { border:0!important; } .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b:active , .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Importance of being Earnest - Characters EssayAccording to the beliefs of police subculture, the police officers are the main guardian of order in public. No large public event takes place without officers. In the cases of a threat to human life, health or property, or in the cases of violence, general danger over a human life, police officers must come to the rescue. Police officers are responsible for acting exclusively within the public law, and therefore has no right to endanger even those who violate the order, whether it is men or women. It is possible for officers to use force, firearms, and injuries only in extreme cases, which are described separately in the law. The police officers patrol the streets, conduct training lectures and conversations in various public organizations, consider complaints and suggestions of the population, carry out preventive measures to prevent violence and other crimes. Police subculture affects police behavior. Officers are public representatives, and they are responsible for the public order. According to police subculture, officers can’t cause frustration or show a negative example for any citizen. Police subculture is very strict. The behavior of officers should be based on a positive attitude toward men and women, should spread moral values in public. Police officers work with educational institutions, conduct open lectures and various events. The main goal is to convey to the younger generation the full importance of the work of police officers, that is, to warn them against making the wrong choice in life and committing crimes. As a part of police subculture, a police officer must take responsibility for himself and others, make important decisions and be calm in critical situations (hostage taking, a large number of victims, domestic problems in families, violence against young girls and children, a description of property). The importance of police subculture. As far as you can see, the profession of police officers is an important, responsible and dangerous field of public activity. The beliefs of police officers are based on federal, regional and district laws, as well as on police subculture. At the same time, police subculture is the concepts, with values of which the work of officers would be lust a frustration because police affect all the spheres of human existence. You may ask what the challenges are facing the police officers? The main values of a police officer are to maintain order in public places, to stop and detain offenders, and to explain to offenders what they are wrong about, what is the cause of their arrest. In the minds of most people, the profession of â€Å"police officers† is associated with catching criminals, dangerous incidents and situations, fighting, and surveillance. However, there is a reverse side of the coin. Still, for the most part, the officer’s job is to prevent general crime and violence. Probably there is no more such a hard profession as a police officers job. Severe conditions of service, constant psychological stress, the need to communicate with the scum of society and to remain a person with the high values at the same time all these are complex issues that police offices solve every day. The profession of police officers its not just interesting, it should be not a job, and not even a career, but a vocation and a lifestyle without a piece of frustration. In police subculture, officers make life better for other people and society as a whole. Because of that important cause, every citizen should respect the labor of officers.